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Surrogate optimization of deep neural networks for groundwater predictions

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Abstract

Sustainable management of groundwater resources under changing climatic conditions require an application of reliable and accurate predictions of groundwater levels. Mechanistic multi-scale, multi-physics simulation models are often too hard to use for this purpose, especially for groundwater managers who do not have access to the complex compute resources and data. Therefore, we analyzed the applicability and performance of four modern deep learning computational models for predictions of groundwater levels. We compare three methods for optimizing the models’ hyperparameters, including two surrogate model-based algorithms and a random sampling method. The models were tested using predictions of the groundwater level in Butte County, California, USA, taking into account the temporal variability of streamflow, precipitation, and ambient temperature. Our numerical study shows that the optimization of the hyperparameters can lead to reasonably accurate performance of all models (root mean squared errors of groundwater predictions of 2 meters or less), but the “simplest” network, namely a multilayer perceptron (MLP) performs overall better for learning and predicting groundwater data than the more advanced long short-term memory or convolutional neural networks in terms of prediction accuracy and time-to-solution, making the MLP a suitable candidate for groundwater prediction.

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Notes

  1. Note that we usually use a similar approach in continuous optimization where we scale the parameters to the unit hypercube, which improves the surrogate models and eliminates difficulties when sampling by perturbation.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) funding from Berkeley Lab, provided by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

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  1. Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Juliane Müller, Jangho Park, Reetik Sahu & Deborah Agarwal

  2. Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Charuleka Varadharajan, Bhavna Arora & Boris Faybishenko

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  1. Juliane Müller
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Müller, J., Park, J., Sahu, R. et al. Surrogate optimization of deep neural networks for groundwater predictions. J Glob Optim 81, 203–231 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10898-020-00912-0

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